Working or playing in a hot environment can result in an hourly loss of 1-3 liters of water along with sodium and potassium. When water and mineral loss are excessive, an individual may experience heat cramps which can progress to heat exhausting and on to heat stroke. Heat stroke is a true emergency. Unconditioned athletes as well as the elderly are susceptible to heat stroke. Alcohol and some prescription drugs may also make a person more prone to heat stoke.

Preventing heat emergencies can be avoided with common sense:

• Drink plenty of water (not pop or alcohol)
• Dress for the weather with loose airy clothing
• Stay in the shade as much as possible
• Condition yourself by consuming plenty of water and spending progressively longer periods in the heat

Signs and Symptoms of Heat Cramps:

• Drinking very little
• Muscle cramps
• Hot sweaty skin

Signs and Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion:

• Drinking very little
• Muscle cramps
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hot, usually dry skin
• Low urine output

Sign and Symptoms of Heat Stroke:

• Mental confusion
• Unconsciousness
• Hot and dry skin (skin may be sweaty if individual was recently active)

If you suspect a person is suffering from heat cramps or exhaustion:

• Cease activity
• Remove them from the heat
• Administer water
• Call 911 if there is any sign of mental confusion

Call 911 immediately and begin cooling the person before help arrives if you think someone is experiencing heat stroke.

Source: American Heart Association - First Aid 2002